Chris Blattman

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Canada’s tow truck mafia: A lesson in why criminal governance emerges Posted: 14 Apr 2022 03:00 AM PDT Criminal governance emerges to regulate violence and black market business when the state can or does not. Even in Toronto. To understand why there’s so much crime in Canada’s towing industry, we have to back up and look at what many local organizations blame as being part of the problem: the way police call tow trucks to the scene of a wreck, and the lack of industry regulation. When there's a wreck that requires a vehicle to be towed, the responding police department generally has a policy on how to contact a recovery company to tow the vehicle. Often, this is accomplished using a revolving list of approved companies that the department facilitates. However, not all departments follow this model, as the goal is often to clear an accident as quickly as possible to restore traffic flow. That means some departments—like the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP)—instead rely on the industry's competitive drivers (called "chasers") who race to be the first on the scene in order to get the job. Chasers aren't new to the towing industry by any means, whether it be Canada or the United States. For many companies, the so-called "first available" model is one of the main ways to do business. Trucks constantly patrol crash hotspots in major cities and wait for the police to request the first available tow truck over their police scanner. Over time, this has escalated into companies and drivers monitoring police scanners and traffic reports for any hint of an accident, and then racing—or "chasing" the crash—to be the first company on the scene to offer services to a motorist with a disabled vehicle. Often, they beat the police to the scene and make off with the vehicle before officers even arrive. …News reports of recovery agencies battling one another can be found dating back nearly two decades. Towing providers describe the Greater Toronto Area as being "the worst" in all of Canada when it comes to skirmishes between providers. Roadside brawls turned into gunfights and murders. More than 50 cases of arson have been connected to the towing industry, including multiple tow trucks being set ablaze throughout the years. Some towing providers even began intentionally causing accidents on highways and in parking lots to get more jobs and more kickbacks. Many critics blame the lack of industry regulation, something which only recently came into existence for towing providers, but still doesn’t address what happens after the vehicle is taken off the truck. …having a financial interest in a repair shop is central to this issue. As police and lawmakers would later find out, this is where some towing companies begin to make significant income thanks to kickbacks from sketchy auto body repair shops. And once at the repair shop, some car owners were even told that they didn't have a choice where they could have their vehicle repaired, with the shop refusing to release a vehicle without the consumer paying huge storage fees. Read the full amazing article by Rob Stumpf here. By the way, criminal governance doesn’t always emerge in the absence of the state. In Medellin, some of my recent work with Ben Lessing, Santiago Tobon and Gustavo Duncan shows that (when it’s in the interests of their drug business) gangs will try to outcompete the state on governance. In Medellin, Colombia, instead of places governed by the state and others by gangs, you have places with lots of both or little of each. Here’s a piece by Ben on how to think about criminal governance, and its different forms worldwide. For more excitement, however, here are tow trucks racing to the scene in Toronto: Here is a brawl: Here is a firebombing of a rival. Toronto! You have changed so much since my days living there. Maybe we should come run a study there? The post Canada’s tow truck mafia: A lesson in why criminal governance emerges appeared first on Chris Blattman.

Why are so many African and Asian nations ambivalent about Russia’s invasion? International identity politics Posted: 13 Apr 2022 06:08 AM PDT Americans agree on few issues, but one thing they have come together on is condemnation of Russian aggression. Western Europeans too. But not so the rest of the world. To explain India’s muted diplomatic reaction, Western papers emphasize the fact that India gets most of its arms from Russia, but here is an interesting NPR panel broadening the view: FRAYER: And the news commentary here about sanctions and diplomacy is also often sympathetic to Russia. Listen to how one of India’s most famous TV hosts, Arnab Goswami, opened his show recently. (SOUNDBITE OF REPUBLIC WORLD BROADCAST) ARNAB GOSWAMI: Has isolating Russia as a war tactic worked so far? It hasn’t. It hasn’t. And if there are any Americans watching this tonight, it hasn’t. And let me tell you, Americans, it won’t. FRAYER: That monologue reflects India’s mistrust of the West, its commitment to neutrality and its long-standing friendship with Russia. Columnist Seema Sirohi says that despite some flamboyant TV news personalities, India’s debate about Ukraine has actually been more nuanced than what she’s experienced where she lives in Washington. SEEMA SIROHI: Here there is only condemnation. It’s bordering on hysteria. And it kind of reminds me – in the runup to the Iraq War, it was very depressing to watch U.S. media play the role of cheerleaders. And we know what happened in the Middle East after that war. FRAYER: Watching that, plus having a colonial past, leaves India wanting to make its own decisions, so it has not joined Western sanctions on Russia. Neither have most countries other than the relatively rich democracies of the West. The world’s biggest democracy is India, and it is still buying Russian oil. Indian officials suggest it’s hypocritical of the West to ask them to stop. Here’s India’s foreign minister, S. Jaishankar, at a recent event with his British counterpart. (SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING) S JAISHANKAR: If you look at the major buyers of oil and gas from Russia, I think you’ll find most of them are in Europe. FRAYER: Now, this isn’t only about cheap Russian oil, though that goes a long way in energy-poor India. Russia also supplies fertilizer for crops that help feed 1.4 billion Indians. And Russia has armed India for decades. It’s still India’s biggest weapons supplier. PRANAY KOTASTHANE: A lot of people in India still feel that Russia has been a reliable partner to India. As for African nations, here is Nosmot Gbadamosi from Foreign Policy summarizing the range of reactions: The reaction and tone of the debate, analysts say, marks a turning point in how diplomats and foreign-policy observers continue to view Africa as homogenous, lacking the nuance of 54 sovereign nations each acting on the basis of complex diplomatic and economic interests. "African leaders have increasingly become more allergic to that tone—something that China has figured out," said Kholood Khair, a Sudanese political analyst and managing partner at Insight Strategy Partners. "And it seems that the messaging coming from China gains more traction. It is more attractive to African countries that are trying to assert their own political strength." China's stance on Russia has greatly influenced the positions of those African countries for which China is the biggest and closest trading partner. For some countries, abstention may not necessarily translate to a pro-Russia stance but a China-aligned stance. African observers defending abstentions also point to the disproportionate media attention lavished on Ukraine compared with other conflicts and the double standards of the Western invasions of Libya and Iraq. There is also talk of "hypocrisy" in levying sanctions that impact African countries, while Europe has spent 35 billion euros ($38 billion) on Russian energy since the war began. Some African leaders weighing up their countries' vulnerability to volatile economic markets, growing and increasingly frustrated young populations, and facing their own security challenges requiring a range of allies have simply concluded that their governments cannot afford to take sides. The abrupt U.S. exit from Afghanistan and the horrific scenes of people clinging onto airplanes made some African policymakers view Washington as an unreliable partner that will also put its security needs first. I would add one more to these lists: identity politics. Americans and Western Europeans identify with Ukrainians. The rest of the world does not. You might think I mean color of skin, and indeed for about two-thirds of Americans and more Europeans that is certainly true. But people can identify and empathize with others for more reasons that race, and I think in this case they do: a shared historical foe (Russia), longstanding Ukrainian immigration, close economic integration, and simple geographic proximity, to name a few. The Ukrainian struggle for liberty is also a familiar one. Few people have pointed out the parallels to the American Revolution, but to me they are clear. A small and plucky group desires complete independence. A tyrannical and militarily-superior superpower offers them semi-sovereignty, since the smaller group’s military weakness means they can demand no more. But for largely ideological reasons, the offer is refused. They’d rather fight than make such a repugnant concession. These are decisions and ideals that many Westerners can understand. The result is that Western opinion pages and Twitter sound a lot like fans of a baseball match cheering on their team against a longstanding rival. The rest of the world is more dispassionate, and wonders why no pays attention to the far more common human rights abuses sport performed elsewhere in the world: soccer. The suffering and abuses in Xinjiang, Tigray, or the Central African Republic get ignored, and so European and American moral leadership on Ukraine rings hollow. The post Why are so many African and Asian nations ambivalent about Russia’s invasion? International identity politics appeared first on Chris Blattman.

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